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MacAnatomy

Your online portal to the Education Program in Anatomy at McMaster University

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  • Anatomy Modules
    • Cardiovascular
      • The Cardiovascular system distributes blood and nutrient fluid throughout the body. It consists of the vasculature: arteries and veins; and the pump: the heart.
      • CV1: The Heart
        • The Heart
        • Radiology of the Heart (in P.A. Chest X-Rays)
        • Radiology of the Heart and Valves (Lateral Chest Radiograph)
      • CV2: Cardiac Valves
        • Cardiac Valves
        • Mitral Stenosis
        • Mitral Valve Prolapse
        • Mitral Annular Calcification
        • The Aortic Arch
        • Aortic Stenosis
        • Aortic Regurgitation (Reflux or Incompetence)
        • Endocarditis
      • CV3: Cardiac Embryology
        • Cardiac Embryology
        • Migration of the Heart (and the Diaphragm)
        • Septation of the Embryonic Chambers of the Heart
        • Partitioning of Primordial Atrioventricular Canal
        • Partitioning of Primordail Atrium
        • Partitioning of Primordial Ventricle
        • Embryological Developments at Venous End of Heart
        • Fetal Circulation
        • Early Embryonic Circulation
      • CV4: Pericardium
        • Pericardium
      • CV5: Coronary Circulation
        • Coronary Arteries – Gross Anatomy
        • Histology of Muscle and Myocardium
        • Coronary Arteries – Topography, Radiology and R/L Considerations
        • The Left Coronary Artery
        • The Right Coronary Artery
        • Coronary Microcirculation
        • CV-5-S1 Breakaway Heart Model
        • CV-5-S2 Coronary Arteries and Veins
        • CV-5-S3 Corrosion Cast of Heart Chambers
        • CV-5-S4 Aortic Valve
        • CV-5-S5 Vein
        • CV-5-S6 Artery
      • CV6P: Atherosclerosis
        • Introduction to Atherosclerosis
        • Structure of Normal Arteries
        • Atherosclerotic Changes in the Arterial Wall
        • Stages in the Development of Atherosclerosis
      • CV7P: Myocardial Ischemia
        • Myocardial Ischemia
      • CV8P: Aneurysms
        • Atherosclerotic Aneurysms
        • Dissecting Aneurysms
    • Endocrine
      • The Endocrine system consists of a diverse group of tissues that release hormones directly into the blood. The endocrine hormones are chemical signals that are released in tiny amounts but circulate throughout the body and cause profound effects wherever their receptors are found.
      • EN1: Endocrines
        • Introduction to Endocrines
        • Pituitary (Hypophysis)
        • Thyroid Gland
        • Parathyroid Glands
        • Adrenals
        • Pancreatic Islets (of Langerhans)
        • Pineal Gland
        • Thymus
        • Gonads and Placenta
      • EN1P: Diseases of Endocrine Glands
        • Introduction to Diseases of Endocrine Glands
        • Pituitary Pathologies
        • Thyroid Pathologies
        • Parathyroid Pathologies
        • Adrenal Gland Pathologies
        • Adrenogenital Syndrome
        • Gonadal Hormonal Disorders
      • EN2: The Breast
        • Development
        • Maturity
        • Lactation
        • Blood Supply
        • Pathology
    • Gastrointestinal
      • The Gastrointestinal system is essential to maintaining life. Specifically, the digestive system takes in food, breaks it down into nutrient molecules, absorbs these molecules into the blood stream, and then rids the body of the indigestible remains.
      • GI1: Abdomen to Pelvis and Autonomic Innervation
        • The Peritoneal Cavity
        • Models of the Abdominal Cavity
        • Pelvic Part of the Abdomen
        • Abdominal Innervation
        • Autonomic Innervation
      • GI2: Embryology of the Gut
        • Embryology of the Gut
        • Development of the Stomach
        • Rotation of the Gut
        • Abnormal Gut Development
      • GI3: Esophagus
        • The Esophagus
          • Applied Anatomy and Histology
      • GI3P: Esophagus Pathology
        • Esophagus Pathology
      • GI4: The Stomach
        • The Stomach
        • Blood Supply of the Stomach
        • Stomach Lymphatics
        • Nerves of the Stomach
        • Individual Specimens
      • GI4P: Gastric Pathology
        • Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis
        • Peptic Ulcer
        • Gastric Cancer
        • Stomach: Adenocarcinoma
      • GI5: Duodenum and Pancreas
        • The Duodenum
        • The Pancreas
      • GI5P: Pancreas and Duodenum Pathology
        • Pancreas and Duodenum Pathology
      • GI6: Small Intestine
        • The Small Intestine
      • GI6P: Small Intestine Pathology
        • Crohn’s Disease (Regional Ileitis)
        • Ischemia (Infarction) of the Gut
        • Congenital Anomalies
      • GI7: The Liver and Biliary Tree
        • The Liver
        • The Biliary Tree
      • GI8: Portal Circulation and Liver Histology
        • Portal Circulation
        • Liver Histology
      • GI8P: Hepatic and Biliary Pathology
        • Hepatic Pathology
        • Cirrhosis of the Liver
        • Primary Biliary Cirrhosis
        • Parasitic Infections
        • Vascular Pathology
        • Congenital Anomalies
        • Gallbladder Disease
      • GI9: Abdominal Aorta and Spleen
        • Abdominal Aorta
        • Abdominal Aorta Pathology
        • Spleen
        • Spleen Pathology
      • GI10: The Colon and Anorectal Anatomy
        • The Colon
        • Anorectal Anatomy
        • Pelvic Blood Vessels
        • Lymphatic System of Pelvis
      • GI10P: Large Bowel Pathology
        • Congenital Anomalies
        • Appendicitis
        • Diverticular Disease (Diverticulosis/Diverticulitis)
        • Polyposis Coli
        • Ulcerative Colitis
        • Hemmorrhoids
      • GI11: Abdominal Wall and Inguinal Canal
        • Right Rectus Sheath
        • Entire Abdominal Wall
        • Anterior Abdominal Wall
        • Cross Sections of Rectus Sheath and Anterior Abdominal Walls
        • Inguinal Regions
        • Model of Inguinal Canal
    • Growth & Development
      • From the moment of inception, we constantly undergo change as our bodies mature into adults. This section discusses basic embryology, fetal growth, ossification, maturation and congenital pathologies.
      • GD1: Early Development
        • Introduction
        • Placentation
        • Early Embryonic Development
      • GD1P: Pregnancy Pathologies
        • Ectopic Pregnancy
        • Placental Variations and Anomalies
        • Hydatidiform Mole
      • GD3A: Fetal Growth
        • The Embryo
        • The Fetus
      • GD3B: The Normal Neonate
        • The Normal Neonate
        • Fetal Circulation
      • GD4: Skeleton: Ossification – Maturation
        • Ossification
    • Head & Neck
      • Numerous anatomical structures support our central nervous system. This section discusses key components found between the top of your scalp to the bottom of your clavicles.
      • HN1: The Skull
        • General Organization of the Skull
        • Nasal Cavitiy and Air Sinuses
        • Frontal Sinuses
        • The (Paired) Maxillary Sinuses
        • The Ethmoidal Air Sinuses
        • The Sphenoidal Air Sinuses
        • Cranial Nerves and Foramen
        • Appendix of Cranial Foramen and Emissary Veins
      • HN2: The Neck
        • Triangles of the Neck
        • The Posterior Triangle
        • The Anterior Triangle
      • HN3: Head and Neck Models
        • Subcutaneous Structures
        • HN-3-S1 Superficial Structures
        • HN-3-S2 Superficial Structures of Hemisected Model
        • HN-3-S3 Deep Level 1: Jugular Vein
        • HN-3-S4 Deep Level 2: Phrenic Nerve and Strap Muscles
        • HN-3-S5 Deep Level 3: Carotid and Thyroid Gland
        • HN-3-S6 Deep Level 4: Mandibular/Buccal
      • HN4: The Pharynx and Middle Ear
        • The Pharynx
        • The Nasopharynx
        • The Oropharynx
        • The Middle Ear
      • HN5: The Larynx
        • The Larynx
        • The Inner Structure of the Larynx
        • The Mechanics of the Larynx
        • Nerve Supply of the Larynx
        • Blood Supply of the Larynx
      • HN6: The Salivary Gland
        • The Parotid Gland
        • Submandibular Salivary Gland
        • The Sublingual Gland
        • HN-6-S4 Submandibular Salivary Gland
        • HN-6-S5 Parotid Gland
      • HN7: The Orbit
        • The Orbit
        • Contents of the Orbit
      • HN8: Hearing
        • Spiral Organ of Corti (HN-8-S1)
        • Hearing Loss
        • Key to Model HN-8-S2
    • Locomotor
      • The locomotor system, also known as the musculoskeletal system, provides form, support, stability, and movement to the body. It is composed of the bones, muscles, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, joints, and other connective tissues that support and bind tissues and organs together.
      • LO1: The Vertebral Column
        • Introduction to the Vertebral Column
        • Intervertebral Discs
        • LO-1-S1 An Articulated Vertebral Column
        • LO-1-S2 Intervertebral Discs
        • LO-1-S3 Mounted Vertebrae
        • LO-1-S4 Segments of Vertebral Column
        • LO-1-S5 Model of Cervical Vertebrae
      • LO1P: Pathologies of the Vertebral Column
        • Pathologies of the Vertebral Column
      • LO2: Joints
        • The Bones
        • Classification of Joints
        • Movement of Joints
      • LO3: Contents of the Vertebral Column
        • Contents of the Vertebral Column
        • Peripheral Nerves
        • Nerve Roots
        • The Cauda Equina
        • The Coverings of the Spinal Cord
      • LO4: Lower Limb
        • Introduction to the Lower Limb
        • Innervation
        • Blood Supply
        • Muscle Groups
      • LO5: The Knee (Level 1)
        • Preface to the Knee
        • Bones Involved in the Knee (Joint) Articulation
        • Movement
      • LO6: The Upper Limb – General Introduction
        • The Upper Limb – General Introduction
        • Innervation
        • Blood Supply
        • Muscle Groups
      • LO7: The Upper Limb (Osteology and Neuromuscular Survey)
        • Osteological Anatomy
        • Ossification
        • Brachial Plexus Formation (Survey)
        • Shoulder Girdle Muscles, Axillary Walls and Breasts
        • Muscles of the Arm and Their Innervation
        • Back of the Forearm and Hand
        • Front of Forearm and Palm of Hand
        • Major Upper Limb Nerves
      • LO8: Cervical Spine and Brachial Plexus
        • The Cervical Spine and Cervical Spinal Cord
        • Posterior Triangle of the Neck
        • Brachial Plexus: Basics
        • Brachial Plexus: Detail Topography
        • Brachial Plexus: Distribution Patterns
        • Lesions of the Brachial Plexus
      • LO9: Arthrology and Kinesiology
        • The Shoulder Girdle
        • The Elbow Joint
        • Pronation and Supination of the Elbow Part A
        • Pronation and Supination of the Elbow Part B
        • The Hand and Wrist
      • LO10: Blood Supply and Applied Anatomy
        • Blood Supply of the Upper Limb
        • The Venous Drainage of the Upper Limb
      • LO11: Basic Structural Anatomy of the Hand
        • Basic Structural Anatomy of the Hand
        • The Thumb and Thenar Eminence
        • The Hypothenar Eminence
        • Tendons on Flexor Aspect of Wrist and Hand
        • The Carpal Tunnel
        • Synovial Sheaths or Bursae of the Hand and Wrist
        • Extensor Aspect of Hand and Wrist
        • The Metacarpal Phalangeal Joint
        • The Blood Supply of the Hand
      • LO13: The Hip and Associated Structures
        • The Hip and Associated Structures
        • Gait Patterns
      • LO13P: Fractures and Healing (Femoral Neck and Shaft)
        • Internal Fixation
        • Pathologies
      • LO14: The Knee
        • Movement and Articulation
        • Cruciate and Collateral Ligaments
        • The Menisci
        • The Patella
        • The Joint Capsule
        • A Plastinated Knee
      • LO14P: Semilunar Cartilage (Knee) Tears
        • Semilunar Cartilage (Knee) Tears
      • LO15: The Ankle
        • The Ankle
        • Ankle Movements
        • Ligaments of the Ankle
      • LO16: The Foot
        • Articulating Bones of the Foot
        • Ligaments of the Foot
        • Muscles Acting on the Foot
      • LO17P: Joints and Arthritis
        • Joints and Arthritis
      • LO18P: Bone and Disease
        • Osteoporosis
        • Paget’s Disease
        • Osteomyelitis
        • Bone Tumours
    • Lymphatics
      • The Lymphatic System is part of the immune system and is made up of a network of vessels that conduct fluid, called lymph, towards the heart.
      • LY2: Lymphatic System
        • The Lymphatic System
        • Normal Lymph Nodes
        • Lymphatics of the Lower Limb
        • Other Areas Draining Lymph to Inguinal Nodes
        • Pelvic Lymph Drainage
        • Breast Lymphatics
        • The Lymphatic System of the Head and Neck
    • Nervous
      • The nervous system is a highly organized network of billions of neurons and even more neuroglia. The two main subdivisions of the nervous system are the central nervous system (CNS), and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
      • NS1: Endocranial Compartments and Meninges
        • Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
        • The Brain and Cranial Contents
        • Meninges
        • Middle Menigeal Arteries
        • Coronal Section of Head: NS-1-S1
        • Coronal Section of Head and Neck at Ear Level: NS-1-S2
        • Cutaway Model of a Cranium Showing Falx and Tentorium: NS-1-S3
        • Sagittal Section of the Head: NS-1-S4
        • Coronal Section of Head with Parieto-Occipital Area Cut-Away: NS-1-S5
        • Specimen NS-1-S6
        • Base of Skull (and Detachable Vault): NS-1-S8
        • Specimen NS-1-S12
        • Computerized Tomography of the Head: NS-1-C7
        • Chart NS-1-C10
      • NS1P: Space Occupying Tumours within the Cranium
        • Space Occupying Tumours within the Cranium
      • NS2: Motor Pathways
        • The Human Brain
        • Cerebral Hemisphere (NS2C3)
      • NS3: Cerebral Circulaton
        • Cerebral Circulation
        • Cerebral Angiography
        • Carotid and Vertebral Arteriograms
        • C.T. Levels for Brain Scan
      • NS3P: Subarachnoid and Cerebral Haemmorrhage
        • Subarachnoid Haemorrhage
        • Cerebral Haemorrhage and Thrombosis
      • NS4: Introduction to the Spinal Cord
        • Introduction to the Spinal Cord
        • Spinal Segments
        • Origins of Segmentation in Vertebrates
        • Limb Plexuses
        • Specimen NS-4-S4: Section of Spinal Cord
        • The Spinal Cord and Pain Pathway
        • Internal Structure of the Spinal Cord
        • Functional Organization of the Spinal Cord
      • NS5: Neural Development
        • Development of the Nervous System
        • Neural Tube Closure (and Failure to Close)
        • Linear Growth (Spinal Cord)
        • Microscopic Features
      • NS6: Spinal Cord Review
        • Gross Anatomy of Typical Spinal Nerves
        • Neurons and Spinal Pathway
        • Regional Function and Blood Supply
      • NS8: Basic Brain
        • Basic Brain
        • Diencephalon and 3rd Ventricle
        • Diencephalon and Basal Ganglia
      • NS9: Cerebrum Basic Gross Anatomy
        • Lateral Ventricles
        • Lobes and Subdivisions
        • Basal Ganglia and Internal Capsule
        • Corpus Callosum
        • Cerebrum Histology
        • Cerebrum Blood Supply
      • NS9P: Cerebral Degeneration
        • Cerebral Degeneration
      • NS10: The Cerebellum
        • The Cerebellum
        • Cerebellar Cytoarchitecture and Connections
      • NS11: Brain Stem (Introductory)
        • Components of the Brain Stem
        • Cross Sectional Appearances
        • Cranial Nerves and Base of Skull
        • The Pons and Cranial Nerve V
        • The Pons and Cranial Nerves VII, VIII, and IX
        • Cranial Nerves IX – XII
      • NS12: Midbrain (and 3rd and 4th Cranial Nerves)
        • General Introduction
        • Oculomotor and Trochlear Nerves
        • Visual Pathways
      • NS13: Serial Sections
    • Pelvis
      • Pelvic anatomy includes a wide range of structures. This module will discuss reproductive anatomy, the lower GI tract, bones, nervous system and blood supply of the pelvic region.
      • PE1: The Male and Female Pelvis: An Introduction
        • The Female Pelvis
        • The Male Pelvis
      • PE2: The Pelvis, Blood Supply, Nervous System, Bones and Muscles
        • Blood Supply
        • Lymphatics
        • Nerve Supply
        • Bony and Muscular Pelvis
      • PE3: Female and Male Pelvic Viscera
        • Female Pelvic Viscera
        • Male Pelvic Viscera
      • PE4: The Ovaries and Uterine Tubes
        • Introduction
        • Ovary
        • Endometriosis
        • Uterine Tubes
      • PE5: The Uterus, Cervix and Vulva
        • Uterus, Cervix and Vulva
        • Tumours of the Uterus: Neoplasms
        • Carcinomas
        • Vagina and Vulva
      • PE6: Pathology of the Male Genitalia Tract, Prostate and Penis
        • Introduction
        • The Prostate
        • The Penis
      • PE7: The Testis and Epididymis
        • Testis
        • Testicular Tumours
        • Congenital Anomalies
    • Respiratory
      • The respiratory system is the integrated system of organs involved in the intake and exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between an organism and the environment. The respiratory system includes the nose, the pharynx, the larynx, the trachea, bronchi, and the lungs.
      • RP1: Thoracic Cage
        • Introduction to Thoracic Cage
        • Intercostal Spaces and Surface Anatomy
        • Radiographic Anatomy
        • Mediastina and Relationships
      • RP3: Lung Anatomy
        • Lung Anatomy
        • Comparison of the Left and Right Lung
      • RP4: Lung Segmentation
        • Lung Segmentation
        • Lungs – Bronchopulmonary Segments
        • Bronchopulmonary Segments: Right Lung
        • Bronchopulmonary Segments: Left Lung
      • RP5P: Tumours of the Lung
        • Tumours of the Lung
      • RP6P: The Lung: Miscellaneous Pathology
        • The Lung: Miscellaneous Pathology
        • COPD Module
      • RP7P: Pulmonary Embolism
        • Pulmonary Embolism
      • RP8P: Lung Infections
        • Lung Infections
    • Urogenital
      • The urogenital system describes the reproductive organs as well as the urinary system of the body. These anatomical structures are often grouped together due to their common embryological origin, pathways and proximity.
      • UG1: The Kidney
        • Gross Anatomy of Kidneys
        • Renal Histology
        • Kidney Corpuscle
      • UG2P: Renal Embryology and Pathology
        • Horseshoe Malformation
        • Double Ureters
        • Aberrant Renal Arteries
        • Simple Cysts of the Kidney
        • Polycystic Kidneys
        • Congenital Cysts (Potter Type IV)
        • Adult Polycystic Disease (Potter Type IV)
        • Congenital Obstruction of the Ureters
      • UG3P: Renal Pathology
        • Renal Cell Carcinoma (Hypernephroma)
        • Nephroblastoma (Wilm’s Tumour)
        • Transitional Cell Carcinoma
      • UG4P: Nephritis/Nephrosclerosis/Nephrolithiasis
        • Nephritis
        • Nephrosclerosis
        • Nephrolithiasis
  • Radiology Images Module
    • PA and AP Chest X-rays
    • Module RA1: How To Examine an X-Ray – Part Two Chest X-Ray
    • Module RA 1: How to Examine an X-Ray – Part Three Bone X-Ray
    • Module RA1: How to Examine an X-Ray – Part Five The Plain Abdomen
    • PT Unit IV: Heart X-Rays 1 to 17
    • PT Unit IV: Chest X-Rays 1 to 12
    • PT Unit IV: Chest X-Rays 13 to 20
    • PT Unit IV: Chest X-Rays 21 to 30
    • PT Unit IV: Chest X-Rays 31 to 43
    • PT Unit IV: Chest X-Rays 44 to 50
    • PT Unit IV: Chest X-Rays 51 to 63
  • Anatomy Videos
    • New Videos
      • The following are videos produced by the Anatomy lab in the past 5 years. These videos can supplement your lecture and lab learning.
      • Cardiovascular Videos
      • Endocrine Videos
      • Gastrointestinal Videos
      • Head and Neck Videos
      • Kidney Videos
      • Lower Limb Videos
      • Nervous System Videos
      • Pelvis Videos
      • Respiration Videos
      • Upper Limb Videos
    • Dr. Carr’s Vintage Videos
      • The following are videos made by Dr. Carr, former head of the Education Program in Anatomy. They are a tad dated in their production but the content and explanation are second to none. These videos include information on systems that are not even covered in your regular lectures.
      • Vintage Abdominal Videos
      • Vintage Brain Videos
      • Vintage Cardiovascular Videos
      • Vintage Gut, Kidney and Pelvic Videos
      • Vintage Hand and Hip Videos
      • Vintage Head and Neck Videos
      • Vintage Lower Limb Videos
      • Vintage Mobility and Stability Videos
      • Vintage Respiration Videos
      • Vintage Skull and Neck Videos
      • Vintage Upper Limb Videos
    • Introduction to Autopsy
  • Wet Specimens
    • Trolleys
      • Trolley 4: Muscles of the Back
      • Trolley 5: Torsos
      • Trolley 6: Torsos
      • Trolley 7: Torsos
      • Trolley 9: Head and Neck
      • Trolley 10: Upper Limbs
      • Trolley 11: Lower Limb
      • Trolley 12: Male Pelvis
      • Trolley 13: Female Pelvis
      • Trolley 14: Abdomen
      • Trolley 15: Brachial and Lumbosacral Plexus
      • Trolley 16: Spinal Column and Sympathetic Chain
      • Trolley 20: Lower Limbs
      • Trolley 30: Superficial Man
    • Faculty Trolleys
      • Trolley 1: Upper Limb (Faculty)
      • Trolley 2: Male Torsos (Faculty)
      • Trolley 3: Hemisection (Faculty)
      • Trolley 17: Heart and Lungs (Faculty)
      • Trolley 21: Lower Limbs (Faculty)
      • Trolley 23: Female Torsos (Faculty)
      • Trolley 26: CNS/Neuro (Faculty)
      • Trolley 27: Head and Neck (Faculty)
    • Carts
      • Cart 1: Embryology
      • Cart 2: Lower Limb
      • Cart 3: Upper Limb
      • Cart 4: Gastrointestinal
      • Cart 5: Cardiovascular
      • Cart 6: Respiratory
      • Cart 7: Urogenital System
      • Cart 8: Endocrine Glands
      • Cart 9: Head & Neck
      • Cart 10: CNS
  • Plastinated Specimens
    • Cardiovascular Plastinates
    • Respiratory, Gastrointestinal, Thorax & Abdominal Plastinates
    • Head & Neck Plastinates
    • Locomotor Plastinates
    • Nervous System Plastinates
    • Pelvis Plastinates
  • Anatomy & Physiology Lectures
  • Additional Resources
    • Ultrasound Anatomy Pocketbook
    • A&P Lab Manual Resources
      • Lab 2 Station 1: Tissues
      • Lab 6 Station 3: Endocrine Glands
      • Lab 8 Station 2: Heart Sounds
      • Lab 9 Station 2: Red Blood Cells
      • Lab 11 Stations 2 & 3
  • Pathology Modules
    • Pathology Modules
    • 4K03 Modules
  • Histology Modules (Coming Soon)
  • About
    • Here you can find general information about the Anatomy lab.
    • FAQ
    • Help / Contact Us
    • Faculty / Staff Directory
    • Room Booking
    • Resource Booking
  • VRBR – Download The App

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  • Anatomy Modules
    ▼
    • Cardiovascular
      ▼
      • The Cardiovascular system distributes blood and nutrient fluid throughout the body. It consists of the vasculature: arteries and veins; and the pump: the heart.
      • CV1: The Heart
        ▼
        • The Heart
        • Radiology of the Heart (in P.A. Chest X-Rays)
        • Radiology of the Heart and Valves (Lateral Chest Radiograph)
      • CV2: Cardiac Valves
        ▼
        • Cardiac Valves
        • Mitral Stenosis
        • Mitral Valve Prolapse
        • Mitral Annular Calcification
        • The Aortic Arch
        • Aortic Stenosis
        • Aortic Regurgitation (Reflux or Incompetence)
        • Endocarditis
      • CV3: Cardiac Embryology
        ▼
        • Cardiac Embryology
        • Migration of the Heart (and the Diaphragm)
        • Septation of the Embryonic Chambers of the Heart
        • Partitioning of Primordial Atrioventricular Canal
        • Partitioning of Primordail Atrium
        • Partitioning of Primordial Ventricle
        • Embryological Developments at Venous End of Heart
        • Fetal Circulation
        • Early Embryonic Circulation
      • CV4: Pericardium
        ▼
        • Pericardium
      • CV5: Coronary Circulation
        ▼
        • Coronary Arteries – Gross Anatomy
        • Histology of Muscle and Myocardium
        • Coronary Arteries – Topography, Radiology and R/L Considerations
        • The Left Coronary Artery
        • The Right Coronary Artery
        • Coronary Microcirculation
        • CV-5-S1 Breakaway Heart Model
        • CV-5-S2 Coronary Arteries and Veins
        • CV-5-S3 Corrosion Cast of Heart Chambers
        • CV-5-S4 Aortic Valve
        • CV-5-S5 Vein
        • CV-5-S6 Artery
      • CV6P: Atherosclerosis
        ▼
        • Introduction to Atherosclerosis
        • Structure of Normal Arteries
        • Atherosclerotic Changes in the Arterial Wall
        • Stages in the Development of Atherosclerosis
      • CV7P: Myocardial Ischemia
        ▼
        • Myocardial Ischemia
      • CV8P: Aneurysms
        ▼
        • Atherosclerotic Aneurysms
        • Dissecting Aneurysms
    • Endocrine
      ▼
      • The Endocrine system consists of a diverse group of tissues that release hormones directly into the blood. The endocrine hormones are chemical signals that are released in tiny amounts but circulate throughout the body and cause profound effects wherever their receptors are found.
      • EN1: Endocrines
        ▼
        • Introduction to Endocrines
        • Pituitary (Hypophysis)
        • Thyroid Gland
        • Parathyroid Glands
        • Adrenals
        • Pancreatic Islets (of Langerhans)
        • Pineal Gland
        • Thymus
        • Gonads and Placenta
      • EN1P: Diseases of Endocrine Glands
        ▼
        • Introduction to Diseases of Endocrine Glands
        • Pituitary Pathologies
        • Thyroid Pathologies
        • Parathyroid Pathologies
        • Adrenal Gland Pathologies
        • Adrenogenital Syndrome
        • Gonadal Hormonal Disorders
      • EN2: The Breast
        ▼
        • Development
        • Maturity
        • Lactation
        • Blood Supply
        • Pathology
    • Gastrointestinal
      ▼
      • The Gastrointestinal system is essential to maintaining life. Specifically, the digestive system takes in food, breaks it down into nutrient molecules, absorbs these molecules into the blood stream, and then rids the body of the indigestible remains.
      • GI1: Abdomen to Pelvis and Autonomic Innervation
        ▼
        • The Peritoneal Cavity
        • Models of the Abdominal Cavity
        • Pelvic Part of the Abdomen
        • Abdominal Innervation
        • Autonomic Innervation
      • GI2: Embryology of the Gut
        ▼
        • Embryology of the Gut
        • Development of the Stomach
        • Rotation of the Gut
        • Abnormal Gut Development
      • GI3: Esophagus
        ▼
        • The Esophagus
          ▼
          • Applied Anatomy and Histology
      • GI3P: Esophagus Pathology
        ▼
        • Esophagus Pathology
      • GI4: The Stomach
        ▼
        • The Stomach
        • Blood Supply of the Stomach
        • Stomach Lymphatics
        • Nerves of the Stomach
        • Individual Specimens
      • GI4P: Gastric Pathology
        ▼
        • Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis
        • Peptic Ulcer
        • Gastric Cancer
        • Stomach: Adenocarcinoma
      • GI5: Duodenum and Pancreas
        ▼
        • The Duodenum
        • The Pancreas
      • GI5P: Pancreas and Duodenum Pathology
        ▼
        • Pancreas and Duodenum Pathology
      • GI6: Small Intestine
        ▼
        • The Small Intestine
      • GI6P: Small Intestine Pathology
        ▼
        • Crohn’s Disease (Regional Ileitis)
        • Ischemia (Infarction) of the Gut
        • Congenital Anomalies
      • GI7: The Liver and Biliary Tree
        ▼
        • The Liver
        • The Biliary Tree
      • GI8: Portal Circulation and Liver Histology
        ▼
        • Portal Circulation
        • Liver Histology
      • GI8P: Hepatic and Biliary Pathology
        ▼
        • Hepatic Pathology
        • Cirrhosis of the Liver
        • Primary Biliary Cirrhosis
        • Parasitic Infections
        • Vascular Pathology
        • Congenital Anomalies
        • Gallbladder Disease
      • GI9: Abdominal Aorta and Spleen
        ▼
        • Abdominal Aorta
        • Abdominal Aorta Pathology
        • Spleen
        • Spleen Pathology
      • GI10: The Colon and Anorectal Anatomy
        ▼
        • The Colon
        • Anorectal Anatomy
        • Pelvic Blood Vessels
        • Lymphatic System of Pelvis
      • GI10P: Large Bowel Pathology
        ▼
        • Congenital Anomalies
        • Appendicitis
        • Diverticular Disease (Diverticulosis/Diverticulitis)
        • Polyposis Coli
        • Ulcerative Colitis
        • Hemmorrhoids
      • GI11: Abdominal Wall and Inguinal Canal
        ▼
        • Right Rectus Sheath
        • Entire Abdominal Wall
        • Anterior Abdominal Wall
        • Cross Sections of Rectus Sheath and Anterior Abdominal Walls
        • Inguinal Regions
        • Model of Inguinal Canal
    • Growth & Development
      ▼
      • From the moment of inception, we constantly undergo change as our bodies mature into adults. This section discusses basic embryology, fetal growth, ossification, maturation and congenital pathologies.
      • GD1: Early Development
        ▼
        • Introduction
        • Placentation
        • Early Embryonic Development
      • GD1P: Pregnancy Pathologies
        ▼
        • Ectopic Pregnancy
        • Placental Variations and Anomalies
        • Hydatidiform Mole
      • GD3A: Fetal Growth
        ▼
        • The Embryo
        • The Fetus
      • GD3B: The Normal Neonate
        ▼
        • The Normal Neonate
        • Fetal Circulation
      • GD4: Skeleton: Ossification – Maturation
        ▼
        • Ossification
    • Head & Neck
      ▼
      • Numerous anatomical structures support our central nervous system. This section discusses key components found between the top of your scalp to the bottom of your clavicles.
      • HN1: The Skull
        ▼
        • General Organization of the Skull
        • Nasal Cavitiy and Air Sinuses
        • Frontal Sinuses
        • The (Paired) Maxillary Sinuses
        • The Ethmoidal Air Sinuses
        • The Sphenoidal Air Sinuses
        • Cranial Nerves and Foramen
        • Appendix of Cranial Foramen and Emissary Veins
      • HN2: The Neck
        ▼
        • Triangles of the Neck
        • The Posterior Triangle
        • The Anterior Triangle
      • HN3: Head and Neck Models
        ▼
        • Subcutaneous Structures
        • HN-3-S1 Superficial Structures
        • HN-3-S2 Superficial Structures of Hemisected Model
        • HN-3-S3 Deep Level 1: Jugular Vein
        • HN-3-S4 Deep Level 2: Phrenic Nerve and Strap Muscles
        • HN-3-S5 Deep Level 3: Carotid and Thyroid Gland
        • HN-3-S6 Deep Level 4: Mandibular/Buccal
      • HN4: The Pharynx and Middle Ear
        ▼
        • The Pharynx
        • The Nasopharynx
        • The Oropharynx
        • The Middle Ear
      • HN5: The Larynx
        ▼
        • The Larynx
        • The Inner Structure of the Larynx
        • The Mechanics of the Larynx
        • Nerve Supply of the Larynx
        • Blood Supply of the Larynx
      • HN6: The Salivary Gland
        ▼
        • The Parotid Gland
        • Submandibular Salivary Gland
        • The Sublingual Gland
        • HN-6-S4 Submandibular Salivary Gland
        • HN-6-S5 Parotid Gland
      • HN7: The Orbit
        ▼
        • The Orbit
        • Contents of the Orbit
      • HN8: Hearing
        ▼
        • Spiral Organ of Corti (HN-8-S1)
        • Hearing Loss
        • Key to Model HN-8-S2
    • Locomotor
      ▼
      • The locomotor system, also known as the musculoskeletal system, provides form, support, stability, and movement to the body. It is composed of the bones, muscles, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, joints, and other connective tissues that support and bind tissues and organs together.
      • LO1: The Vertebral Column
        ▼
        • Introduction to the Vertebral Column
        • Intervertebral Discs
        • LO-1-S1 An Articulated Vertebral Column
        • LO-1-S2 Intervertebral Discs
        • LO-1-S3 Mounted Vertebrae
        • LO-1-S4 Segments of Vertebral Column
        • LO-1-S5 Model of Cervical Vertebrae
      • LO1P: Pathologies of the Vertebral Column
        ▼
        • Pathologies of the Vertebral Column
      • LO2: Joints
        ▼
        • The Bones
        • Classification of Joints
        • Movement of Joints
      • LO3: Contents of the Vertebral Column
        ▼
        • Contents of the Vertebral Column
        • Peripheral Nerves
        • Nerve Roots
        • The Cauda Equina
        • The Coverings of the Spinal Cord
      • LO4: Lower Limb
        ▼
        • Introduction to the Lower Limb
        • Innervation
        • Blood Supply
        • Muscle Groups
      • LO5: The Knee (Level 1)
        ▼
        • Preface to the Knee
        • Bones Involved in the Knee (Joint) Articulation
        • Movement
      • LO6: The Upper Limb – General Introduction
        ▼
        • The Upper Limb – General Introduction
        • Innervation
        • Blood Supply
        • Muscle Groups
      • LO7: The Upper Limb (Osteology and Neuromuscular Survey)
        ▼
        • Osteological Anatomy
        • Ossification
        • Brachial Plexus Formation (Survey)
        • Shoulder Girdle Muscles, Axillary Walls and Breasts
        • Muscles of the Arm and Their Innervation
        • Back of the Forearm and Hand
        • Front of Forearm and Palm of Hand
        • Major Upper Limb Nerves
      • LO8: Cervical Spine and Brachial Plexus
        ▼
        • The Cervical Spine and Cervical Spinal Cord
        • Posterior Triangle of the Neck
        • Brachial Plexus: Basics
        • Brachial Plexus: Detail Topography
        • Brachial Plexus: Distribution Patterns
        • Lesions of the Brachial Plexus
      • LO9: Arthrology and Kinesiology
        ▼
        • The Shoulder Girdle
        • The Elbow Joint
        • Pronation and Supination of the Elbow Part A
        • Pronation and Supination of the Elbow Part B
        • The Hand and Wrist
      • LO10: Blood Supply and Applied Anatomy
        ▼
        • Blood Supply of the Upper Limb
        • The Venous Drainage of the Upper Limb
      • LO11: Basic Structural Anatomy of the Hand
        ▼
        • Basic Structural Anatomy of the Hand
        • The Thumb and Thenar Eminence
        • The Hypothenar Eminence
        • Tendons on Flexor Aspect of Wrist and Hand
        • The Carpal Tunnel
        • Synovial Sheaths or Bursae of the Hand and Wrist
        • Extensor Aspect of Hand and Wrist
        • The Metacarpal Phalangeal Joint
        • The Blood Supply of the Hand
      • LO13: The Hip and Associated Structures
        ▼
        • The Hip and Associated Structures
        • Gait Patterns
      • LO13P: Fractures and Healing (Femoral Neck and Shaft)
        ▼
        • Internal Fixation
        • Pathologies
      • LO14: The Knee
        ▼
        • Movement and Articulation
        • Cruciate and Collateral Ligaments
        • The Menisci
        • The Patella
        • The Joint Capsule
        • A Plastinated Knee
      • LO14P: Semilunar Cartilage (Knee) Tears
        ▼
        • Semilunar Cartilage (Knee) Tears
      • LO15: The Ankle
        ▼
        • The Ankle
        • Ankle Movements
        • Ligaments of the Ankle
      • LO16: The Foot
        ▼
        • Articulating Bones of the Foot
        • Ligaments of the Foot
        • Muscles Acting on the Foot
      • LO17P: Joints and Arthritis
        ▼
        • Joints and Arthritis
      • LO18P: Bone and Disease
        ▼
        • Osteoporosis
        • Paget’s Disease
        • Osteomyelitis
        • Bone Tumours
    • Lymphatics
      ▼
      • The Lymphatic System is part of the immune system and is made up of a network of vessels that conduct fluid, called lymph, towards the heart.
      • LY2: Lymphatic System
        ▼
        • The Lymphatic System
        • Normal Lymph Nodes
        • Lymphatics of the Lower Limb
        • Other Areas Draining Lymph to Inguinal Nodes
        • Pelvic Lymph Drainage
        • Breast Lymphatics
        • The Lymphatic System of the Head and Neck
    • Nervous
      ▼
      • The nervous system is a highly organized network of billions of neurons and even more neuroglia. The two main subdivisions of the nervous system are the central nervous system (CNS), and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
      • NS1: Endocranial Compartments and Meninges
        ▼
        • Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
        • The Brain and Cranial Contents
        • Meninges
        • Middle Menigeal Arteries
        • Coronal Section of Head: NS-1-S1
        • Coronal Section of Head and Neck at Ear Level: NS-1-S2
        • Cutaway Model of a Cranium Showing Falx and Tentorium: NS-1-S3
        • Sagittal Section of the Head: NS-1-S4
        • Coronal Section of Head with Parieto-Occipital Area Cut-Away: NS-1-S5
        • Specimen NS-1-S6
        • Base of Skull (and Detachable Vault): NS-1-S8
        • Specimen NS-1-S12
        • Computerized Tomography of the Head: NS-1-C7
        • Chart NS-1-C10
      • NS1P: Space Occupying Tumours within the Cranium
        ▼
        • Space Occupying Tumours within the Cranium
      • NS2: Motor Pathways
        ▼
        • The Human Brain
        • Cerebral Hemisphere (NS2C3)
      • NS3: Cerebral Circulaton
        ▼
        • Cerebral Circulation
        • Cerebral Angiography
        • Carotid and Vertebral Arteriograms
        • C.T. Levels for Brain Scan
      • NS3P: Subarachnoid and Cerebral Haemmorrhage
        ▼
        • Subarachnoid Haemorrhage
        • Cerebral Haemorrhage and Thrombosis
      • NS4: Introduction to the Spinal Cord
        ▼
        • Introduction to the Spinal Cord
        • Spinal Segments
        • Origins of Segmentation in Vertebrates
        • Limb Plexuses
        • Specimen NS-4-S4: Section of Spinal Cord
        • The Spinal Cord and Pain Pathway
        • Internal Structure of the Spinal Cord
        • Functional Organization of the Spinal Cord
      • NS5: Neural Development
        ▼
        • Development of the Nervous System
        • Neural Tube Closure (and Failure to Close)
        • Linear Growth (Spinal Cord)
        • Microscopic Features
      • NS6: Spinal Cord Review
        ▼
        • Gross Anatomy of Typical Spinal Nerves
        • Neurons and Spinal Pathway
        • Regional Function and Blood Supply
      • NS8: Basic Brain
        ▼
        • Basic Brain
        • Diencephalon and 3rd Ventricle
        • Diencephalon and Basal Ganglia
      • NS9: Cerebrum Basic Gross Anatomy
        ▼
        • Lateral Ventricles
        • Lobes and Subdivisions
        • Basal Ganglia and Internal Capsule
        • Corpus Callosum
        • Cerebrum Histology
        • Cerebrum Blood Supply
      • NS9P: Cerebral Degeneration
        ▼
        • Cerebral Degeneration
      • NS10: The Cerebellum
        ▼
        • The Cerebellum
        • Cerebellar Cytoarchitecture and Connections
      • NS11: Brain Stem (Introductory)
        ▼
        • Components of the Brain Stem
        • Cross Sectional Appearances
        • Cranial Nerves and Base of Skull
        • The Pons and Cranial Nerve V
        • The Pons and Cranial Nerves VII, VIII, and IX
        • Cranial Nerves IX – XII
      • NS12: Midbrain (and 3rd and 4th Cranial Nerves)
        ▼
        • General Introduction
        • Oculomotor and Trochlear Nerves
        • Visual Pathways
      • NS13: Serial Sections
    • Pelvis
      ▼
      • Pelvic anatomy includes a wide range of structures. This module will discuss reproductive anatomy, the lower GI tract, bones, nervous system and blood supply of the pelvic region.
      • PE1: The Male and Female Pelvis: An Introduction
        ▼
        • The Female Pelvis
        • The Male Pelvis
      • PE2: The Pelvis, Blood Supply, Nervous System, Bones and Muscles
        ▼
        • Blood Supply
        • Lymphatics
        • Nerve Supply
        • Bony and Muscular Pelvis
      • PE3: Female and Male Pelvic Viscera
        ▼
        • Female Pelvic Viscera
        • Male Pelvic Viscera
      • PE4: The Ovaries and Uterine Tubes
        ▼
        • Introduction
        • Ovary
        • Endometriosis
        • Uterine Tubes
      • PE5: The Uterus, Cervix and Vulva
        ▼
        • Uterus, Cervix and Vulva
        • Tumours of the Uterus: Neoplasms
        • Carcinomas
        • Vagina and Vulva
      • PE6: Pathology of the Male Genitalia Tract, Prostate and Penis
        ▼
        • Introduction
        • The Prostate
        • The Penis
      • PE7: The Testis and Epididymis
        ▼
        • Testis
        • Testicular Tumours
        • Congenital Anomalies
    • Respiratory
      ▼
      • The respiratory system is the integrated system of organs involved in the intake and exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between an organism and the environment. The respiratory system includes the nose, the pharynx, the larynx, the trachea, bronchi, and the lungs.
      • RP1: Thoracic Cage
        ▼
        • Introduction to Thoracic Cage
        • Intercostal Spaces and Surface Anatomy
        • Radiographic Anatomy
        • Mediastina and Relationships
      • RP3: Lung Anatomy
        ▼
        • Lung Anatomy
        • Comparison of the Left and Right Lung
      • RP4: Lung Segmentation
        ▼
        • Lung Segmentation
        • Lungs – Bronchopulmonary Segments
        • Bronchopulmonary Segments: Right Lung
        • Bronchopulmonary Segments: Left Lung
      • RP5P: Tumours of the Lung
        ▼
        • Tumours of the Lung
      • RP6P: The Lung: Miscellaneous Pathology
        ▼
        • The Lung: Miscellaneous Pathology
        • COPD Module
      • RP7P: Pulmonary Embolism
        ▼
        • Pulmonary Embolism
      • RP8P: Lung Infections
        ▼
        • Lung Infections
    • Urogenital
      ▼
      • The urogenital system describes the reproductive organs as well as the urinary system of the body. These anatomical structures are often grouped together due to their common embryological origin, pathways and proximity.
      • UG1: The Kidney
        ▼
        • Gross Anatomy of Kidneys
        • Renal Histology
        • Kidney Corpuscle
      • UG2P: Renal Embryology and Pathology
        ▼
        • Horseshoe Malformation
        • Double Ureters
        • Aberrant Renal Arteries
        • Simple Cysts of the Kidney
        • Polycystic Kidneys
        • Congenital Cysts (Potter Type IV)
        • Adult Polycystic Disease (Potter Type IV)
        • Congenital Obstruction of the Ureters
      • UG3P: Renal Pathology
        ▼
        • Renal Cell Carcinoma (Hypernephroma)
        • Nephroblastoma (Wilm’s Tumour)
        • Transitional Cell Carcinoma
      • UG4P: Nephritis/Nephrosclerosis/Nephrolithiasis
        ▼
        • Nephritis
        • Nephrosclerosis
        • Nephrolithiasis
  • Radiology Images Module
    ▼
    • PA and AP Chest X-rays
    • Module RA1: How To Examine an X-Ray – Part Two Chest X-Ray
    • Module RA 1: How to Examine an X-Ray – Part Three Bone X-Ray
    • Module RA1: How to Examine an X-Ray – Part Five The Plain Abdomen
    • PT Unit IV: Heart X-Rays 1 to 17
    • PT Unit IV: Chest X-Rays 1 to 12
    • PT Unit IV: Chest X-Rays 13 to 20
    • PT Unit IV: Chest X-Rays 21 to 30
    • PT Unit IV: Chest X-Rays 31 to 43
    • PT Unit IV: Chest X-Rays 44 to 50
    • PT Unit IV: Chest X-Rays 51 to 63
  • Anatomy Videos
    ▼
    • New Videos
      ▼
      • The following are videos produced by the Anatomy lab in the past 5 years. These videos can supplement your lecture and lab learning.
      • Cardiovascular Videos
      • Endocrine Videos
      • Gastrointestinal Videos
      • Head and Neck Videos
      • Kidney Videos
      • Lower Limb Videos
      • Nervous System Videos
      • Pelvis Videos
      • Respiration Videos
      • Upper Limb Videos
    • Dr. Carr’s Vintage Videos
      ▼
      • The following are videos made by Dr. Carr, former head of the Education Program in Anatomy. They are a tad dated in their production but the content and explanation are second to none. These videos include information on systems that are not even covered in your regular lectures.
      • Vintage Abdominal Videos
      • Vintage Brain Videos
      • Vintage Cardiovascular Videos
      • Vintage Gut, Kidney and Pelvic Videos
      • Vintage Hand and Hip Videos
      • Vintage Head and Neck Videos
      • Vintage Lower Limb Videos
      • Vintage Mobility and Stability Videos
      • Vintage Respiration Videos
      • Vintage Skull and Neck Videos
      • Vintage Upper Limb Videos
    • Introduction to Autopsy
  • Wet Specimens
    ▼
    • Trolleys
      ▼
      • Trolley 4: Muscles of the Back
      • Trolley 5: Torsos
      • Trolley 6: Torsos
      • Trolley 7: Torsos
      • Trolley 9: Head and Neck
      • Trolley 10: Upper Limbs
      • Trolley 11: Lower Limb
      • Trolley 12: Male Pelvis
      • Trolley 13: Female Pelvis
      • Trolley 14: Abdomen
      • Trolley 15: Brachial and Lumbosacral Plexus
      • Trolley 16: Spinal Column and Sympathetic Chain
      • Trolley 20: Lower Limbs
      • Trolley 30: Superficial Man
    • Faculty Trolleys
      ▼
      • Trolley 1: Upper Limb (Faculty)
      • Trolley 2: Male Torsos (Faculty)
      • Trolley 3: Hemisection (Faculty)
      • Trolley 17: Heart and Lungs (Faculty)
      • Trolley 21: Lower Limbs (Faculty)
      • Trolley 23: Female Torsos (Faculty)
      • Trolley 26: CNS/Neuro (Faculty)
      • Trolley 27: Head and Neck (Faculty)
    • Carts
      ▼
      • Cart 1: Embryology
      • Cart 2: Lower Limb
      • Cart 3: Upper Limb
      • Cart 4: Gastrointestinal
      • Cart 5: Cardiovascular
      • Cart 6: Respiratory
      • Cart 7: Urogenital System
      • Cart 8: Endocrine Glands
      • Cart 9: Head & Neck
      • Cart 10: CNS
  • Plastinated Specimens
    ▼
    • Cardiovascular Plastinates
    • Respiratory, Gastrointestinal, Thorax & Abdominal Plastinates
    • Head & Neck Plastinates
    • Locomotor Plastinates
    • Nervous System Plastinates
    • Pelvis Plastinates
  • Anatomy & Physiology Lectures
  • Additional Resources
    ▼
    • Ultrasound Anatomy Pocketbook
    • A&P Lab Manual Resources
      ▼
      • Lab 2 Station 1: Tissues
      • Lab 6 Station 3: Endocrine Glands
      • Lab 8 Station 2: Heart Sounds
      • Lab 9 Station 2: Red Blood Cells
      • Lab 11 Stations 2 & 3
  • Pathology Modules
    ▼
    • Pathology Modules
    • 4K03 Modules
  • Histology Modules (Coming Soon)
  • About
    ▲
    • Here you can find general information about the Anatomy lab.
    • FAQ
    • Help / Contact Us
    • Faculty / Staff Directory
    • Room Booking
    • Resource Booking
  • VRBR – Download The App